‘Blackholes' and the health of the Universe
ABSTRACT
This paper intends to describe how ‘Blackholes’ could be healed, and the effects of that in our greater space environment, and of the having secured a sustainable future for our planet Earth.
INTRODUCTION
It is my intention to acknowledge and describe the flow of the life-cycle of Stars, as a natural process in the life of the Galaxies and the Universe. Further I intend to place the influence of ‘Blackholes’ in that context, as a natural consequence of the process. I would also like to introduce the notion of external influences in the precipitation of ‘Blackhole’ formation, and its consequences to the greater environment of space. And finally, acknowledging the settling of this dis-functionality, and its consequences in securing a future.
FRAMEWORK
In the process of researching towards writing this paper, I was challenged in my efforts to start with a definition of Space - apparently a good one is still to be coined. And yet, I was glad to learn that the legalities have been complied with, in as much as the International Aeronautical Federation (FAI) identifies a line 100 km above the Earth's surface, referred to as the 'Karman line' as the end of the atmosphere and the beginning of Space.
The science of ASTRONOMY is almost 5000 years old, and is one of the most ancient in our planet; deriving its name from the Greek language (astro = star; nomia = law). Our Galaxy, 'The Milky Way' was apparently originally named so by the Romans and on clear nights it is possible to trace its magnificence across the sky.
The Universe is composed of hydrogen 75% and helium 23%; with heavier elements making up the remaining 2% (metallic particles). The space between galaxies, commonly known as ‘intergalactic space’ is made-up mostly of ionized hydrogen; this means it consists of atoms of the gas hydrogen, which have lost their electron.
THE 'BIG BANG'
Cosmology is the study of the Universe, its features, history and future. It is believed that the Universe started with an explosion commonly refer to as 'the Big Bang', about 14 billion years ago.
In September 2018, I wrote an entry entitled "STANDARDIZING TIME" and published it in ‘Facebook’ around the same date. It proved popular, even though I got some critical comments from stakeholders that would rather see the standards set based on distant landmarks - I would not hold that as a loss, provided SOME standard is set that enable us to establish chronologies of events.
Originally, the fundamental forces of the Universe were unified; we are referring to nuclear forces, magnetism, gravity... It is believed that 'gravity' was the first force to make itself evident. Until recently, it was also believed that it is one of these forces that prevent the Universe from collapsing inwards upon itself, by the sheer motion of its own gravity (please refer to the section entitled 'BLACKHOLES - A THING OF THE PAST' on this paper).
Apparently, it was only after about 100 million years after the 'Big Bang' that the first stars began to shine.
ATOMIC
Radiation is the energy given out by atoms. Atoms are the tiniest building blocks of matter, and they are made of three different kinds of particles:
- protons,
- neutrons and
electrons.
At an atom's centre is a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus.
The energy given out by the atom takes two main forms:
W Atomic particles - radioactivity results when an atom decays, sending out Gamma rays and particles; and
W Electromagnetic radiation - electric and magnetic fields move in tiny waves of different wavelengths.
Light, for example, reputed the fastest element in the Universe, is a stream of tiny energy particles or 'photons'. While Gamma rays are an example of electromagnetic radiation - a very energetic and dangerous short-wave. Radio waves are another example of electromagnetic radiation - but long-wave, low-energy radiation. Between the last two we can identify:
W x-rays,
W ultraviolet rays,
W visible light,
W infrared rays, and
W microwaves.
Nuclear energy is the energy that holds the nucleus of every atom together, and it is the energy that fuels our nuclear power plants, AND EVERY STAR IN THE UNIVERSE, and it can be released either by fission or fusion:
W Energy is released by nuclear fusion when nuclei are joined together (when hydrogen or helium fuse) or even under extreme pressure, big nuclei such as iron fuse. Four hydrogen nuclei can combine in the formation of a nucleus of helium (made of two protons and two neutrons). During this FUSION process, two protons are transformed into neutrons, emitting an electron with a positive charge, commonly known as a POSITRON.
W Nuclear energy is released by nuclear fission by the splitting of big nuclei, such as Uranium or plutonium. When that happens, Gamma rays, and neutrons are released.
COLLAPSAR STARS
Hydrogen, the simplest and most common element in the Universe, is the element of which stars are made of.
‘Collapsar’ is the name we give a star that is collapsing, because nuclear fusion does no longer take place. Such a star, in whose core the nuclear reactions have ceased, will become a ‘White Dwarf’, and could well go on to become a ‘Neutron Star’, and even further along, a ‘Blackhole’.
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The rising temperature causes helium fusion in the core, in what is refer to as the "alpha process" - a way of synthesizing carbon - 2 helium nuclei (or alpha particles) fusing together to form a beryllium isotope, requiring just an extra helium nucleus to become a stable carbon nuclei. An extra alpha particle would result in the formation of an oxygen nucleus, all this at the highest temperatures.
When a Star expands to form a ‘red giant’, it can be expected it will eventually explode as a violent supernova and blasts its material into space. As the core collapses under gravity, a smaller, dense ‘Neutron star’ will come into existence, and its luminosity will increase to 10^8. ‘Neutron stars’ are left behind following supernova explosions - they are the collapsed core of massive stars.
Carbon is produced until the helium is used up, and the star begins to die. Therefore we consider that the outward appearance of a star is indicative of what is happening in its core: when burning hydrogen into helium it remains within the familiar shape and colors of a Star; but once the hydrogen is exhausted and helium gets fused into carbon, the star "puffs-up" into a ‘red giant’. The end of helium burning results in a collapse causing the formation of a ‘White Dwarf’, ‘Neutron star’ or even a ‘Blackhole’.
‘BLACKHOLES’
‘Blackholes’ have been called the most bizarre type of object in our Universe. They can be defined as massive dense objects with the strongest gravity. Because not even light can escape a ‘Blackhole’, they are difficult to perceive, and they are generally identified by their effects in the space environment around them. Their effects can be detected - for example, activities around a black hole causes temperature changes in their vicinity, these temperature variations can be detected with instruments from great distances.
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Rotating Black Hole with accretion disk |
It has been the common belief that ‘BLACKHOLES’ are an un-avoidable presence in every Galaxy. A presence with gravity so strong that it would suck everything in, even light itself, trapping-in all matter around it to its destruction.
Furthermore, apparently while most ‘Blackholes’ are static, some have been expected to rotate, probably a consequence of the peculiarities surrounding its formation. When that is the case, we talk about accretion disks, and I think the process could be compared to that of the sink-holes generated by ships when sinking, where a vortex of suction forms, as water replaces air in the sinking vessel. (World Wide Web)
Perhaps the most important element in the anatomy of a ‘Blackhole’ is what is generally called the "Event Horizon" or "static limit". This threshold would be especially critical if we were to find ourselves travelling in space... Anything approaching a ‘Blackhole’ would feel its pull inwards, while the "Event Horizon" can be described as the critical moment when that pull inwards can no longer be neutralized - a 'point of no return', where the pull of the ‘Blackhole’ can no longer be overcome.
Static Black Hole
NON-NATURAL BLACKHOLES
Stars do not transform into ‘Blackholes’ only as a consequence of their natural lifecycle. The explosion of a star brought about by the use of laser-beams, destabilizing energy sources, or even weapons, would also launch the ‘Collapsar’ process described above.
Once the process is launched, the dynamics described above would fall in place, and it would be with great difficulty that someone would be able to differentiate a natural ‘Collapsar’ from a non-natural one.
BLACKHOLES AND THE HEALTH OF THE UNIVERSE
Large numbers of ‘Blackholes’, and the cumulative effect of their pulls on their surrounding environments, would have been critical in the ‘schools of thoughts’ of recent years as it refers to Galaxies in collision courses, and collapsing Universes.
BLACKHOLE HEALING
It was in learning of the use of ionizadores in stabilizing ‘Blackholes’ by slowing down their destructive process, that I suggested the use of electricity instead. It still seems as a natural progression, with no new element being introduced in the process. The effects were remarkable in achieving a settlement of the disruption.
This physical measure was coupled with an acknowledgement of other dimensions, in the rescuing of the star soul trapped in the ‘Blackhole’, a critical move in securing healing of the tear in the fabric of space. In other words, the extraction of the plasma present inside the ‘Blackhole’ was facilitated prior to the application of electricity.
BLACKHOLES - A THING OF THE PAST
It was in the healing of ‘Blackholes’ that the stabilization of the greater natural environment hinged. Our galaxy is no longer in a collision course with our neighboring galaxy ‘Andromeda’. Our Universe is no longer expected to collapse, at least, not as a consequence of the combined pull of ‘Blackholes’.
CONCLUSION
Be it a consequence of the natural evolution of Stars lifecycles in Space, or be it a consequence of evil actions of unknown perpetuators, the unavoidable tragedy brought about by ‘Blackholes’ is today no longer to be feared. In some communities, the expectation of rescuing and rehabilitating the Stars' souls has brought hopes for the future of the communities in Earth, and hope for the health of our Galaxies and Universe.
REFERENCES:
A disclaimer is in order - even though I found the books listed below informative and helpful in preparing this submission; they are not the books I consulted in the earlier, original research effort, that led to the actual healing of the ‘Blackholes’. Also, it should be noted that the books originally consulted were oriented towards the physics, rather than the chemistry of space. I undertook both research efforts mostly at Public Libraries.
"Standarizing Time", Nora Rasenti, 2018, Facebook
"The Universe", Peter Cattermole and Stuart Clark, 2005, Angus Books Ltd.
"Space" - 2009, Mikes Kelly Publishing Ltd.
"The Stars" - Window on the Universe, 1993, Barron's Educational Series.
"The Natural History of the Universe", Colin A. Ronan, Doubleday
"Astronomy 101", Carolyn Collins Petersen, 2017, Adams Media.
"Mastering Astronomy", Gerald North, 1988, Mac Millan Education
"Astronomy", 1987, The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., Larousse.
NORA RASENTI
27604096325
August 2019
